African American Heritage In Chicago Essays - Great Migration

African American Heritage In Chicago A History of African American Heritage in Chicago The massive exodus to the north began in 1915; a population of people weary of pervasive hostility and constraint in their former lives, fleeing a social system comprised of miserable oppression and repeated violence. The primary cities for resettlement became New York and Chicago, metropolises humming with the vigor of big-city life and the excitement of a new beginning. When the Chicago Commission asked African American migrants in interviews on Race Relations in 1922 why they came to Chicago, responses were similar. ?I'm looking for better wages.? ?I wanted to get away from the South, and to earn more money.? ?I wanted to better my living conditions.? One man, when asked what his first impression of Chicago was, responded ?When I got here and got on the street cars and saw colored people sitting by white people all over the car I just held my breath, for I thought that any minute they would start something, then I saw nobody noticed it, and I just thought this was a real place for colored people.? And life was good; if not ideal it was better than the disparaging environment of their prior residence in the South. This migration coincided with the War. Job opportunities sprang up everywhere as demand increased for more goods and services, and suddenly in 1920 the Negro population of Chicago had soared from 44,103 in 1915 to 109,594. The Illinois Central Railroad brought hundreds on free transportation, on the premise that they would employ their company. The Negro employment rate skyrocketed; the most popular jobs lying within the iron foundries, food products manufacturing, the tanneries, and the mail order industry. The majority of blacks coming from the south settled in a limited area known as the South Side. Named the ?black belt of the city,? it was the most concentrated area of the African American population of the time. The difficulty of finding residence in the other parts of the city and the abundance of vacant houses aided in this settlement of the South Side. However, as deep-seated racial prejudice was still running rampant throughout the nation, loud protests erupted and whites quickly abandoned residential areas populated by blacks. Underlying racial hostility between blacks and whites was unfortunately gaining momentum. On July 27, 1919, this animosity was demonstrated in a terrible week of rioting beginning with the drowning of African-American youth Eugene Williams off a Lake Michigan beach. This event was a catalyst for a weeklong violent, bloody warfare. As black workers walked or rode the streetcars west and arrived to begin their shifts at the Stockyards, they were met by angry mobs of white gangs and workers, who attacked them mercilessly and drove them off. The mobs were beyond control. African American community members armed themselves and prepared to defend themselves and their homes against armed white gangs who tore into their neighborhood. The end of the week concluded in death tolls of 23 blacks and 15 whites, 157 persons being injured. The Chicago Commission on Race Relations was established soon after these staggering race riots, to study the roots and causes of the conflict. Their report on Chicago in 1992, with interviews of hundreds of black Chicago citizens, provided an insightful window into the race problem in the North, which attention was being drawn to due to the Great Migration. States the Chicago Commission on Race Relations in the document The Negro in Chicago, ?Both races need to understand that their rights and duties are mutual and equal, and that their interests in the common good are identical: that relations of amity are the only protection against race clashes; that these relations cannot be forced, but will come naturally as the leaders of each race develop within their own ranks a realization of the gravity of this problem and a vital interest in its solution, and an attitude of confidence, respect, and friendliness toward the people of the other race.? The conflicts between blacks and whites have since subsided a great amount, but residue from the memories of violence and hatred still prevails. It will be a momentous day when we can be united

Free Essays on Out, Out

Out, out is a good story about a boy who loses his arm after a stupid accident. realize it is happening? That’s what I believe Robert Frost’s poem Fire and Ice is meant to express. Although the poem is short, it holds a very interesting question to think about. The question is which way would you rather the world come to an end. There are two choices. The first two lines in Fire and Ice express the choices, "Some say the world will end in fire, / Some say in ice." I feel that he uses the term fire not to hold the direct meaning of a burning flame, but to represent the punishment something can inflict upon an object. It presents the image of the intense pain in which a burn can inflict, along with the extraordinary speed in which it happens. Fire causes a tremendous amount of destruction to virtually anything within seconds. It could also represent just a violent ending. Either way, it would be nice to have things over with fast, but the intense pain might not make it worth it. For the world to end in ice, seems to present the image of a slower, numbing effect. I feel he uses ice to represent a slow, almost unnoticeable change that eventually causes the destruction of mankind. Fire, instantaneous combustion of an object. Frost uses fire to represent an ending with incredible speed and unimaginable pain. The quote, "From what I’ve tasted of desire" seems to represent the tendency of people to be impatient. The way many people of today are, they can not wait. They must have what they want, and they must have it now. That is one of the main purposes of a loan. Someone wants a car, but does not want to take the time to save the money. They instead borrow the money and have to pay it back, of course at a higher cost with interest. I can honestly say that a huge majority of people are in debt. They could not wait. They had to have something now. I feel that the quote explains this by using the word "desire." It presents the fact that... Free Essays on Out, Out Free Essays on Out, Out Out, out is a good story about a boy who loses his arm after a stupid accident. realize it is happening? That’s what I believe Robert Frost’s poem Fire and Ice is meant to express. Although the poem is short, it holds a very interesting question to think about. The question is which way would you rather the world come to an end. There are two choices. The first two lines in Fire and Ice express the choices, "Some say the world will end in fire, / Some say in ice." I feel that he uses the term fire not to hold the direct meaning of a burning flame, but to represent the punishment something can inflict upon an object. It presents the image of the intense pain in which a burn can inflict, along with the extraordinary speed in which it happens. Fire causes a tremendous amount of destruction to virtually anything within seconds. It could also represent just a violent ending. Either way, it would be nice to have things over with fast, but the intense pain might not make it worth it. For the world to end in ice, seems to present the image of a slower, numbing effect. I feel he uses ice to represent a slow, almost unnoticeable change that eventually causes the destruction of mankind. Fire, instantaneous combustion of an object. Frost uses fire to represent an ending with incredible speed and unimaginable pain. The quote, "From what I’ve tasted of desire" seems to represent the tendency of people to be impatient. The way many people of today are, they can not wait. They must have what they want, and they must have it now. That is one of the main purposes of a loan. Someone wants a car, but does not want to take the time to save the money. They instead borrow the money and have to pay it back, of course at a higher cost with interest. I can honestly say that a huge majority of people are in debt. They could not wait. They had to have something now. I feel that the quote explains this by using the word "desire." It presents the fact that...

Leadership Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Leadership - Term Paper Example They provide a sense of direction and guidance, which the rest follow to the latter in order for the organization to achieve its intended results. In essence, the major requirement in being an effective team leader is ones ability to communicate with the team members in a manner that will not offend them. This means that the leader needs to value the rest of the team players and be an equal participant in the work process. As a result, the essence of this paper will be to evaluate the behaviors of a leader with whom I have worked with previously. The name of this leader in this paper will be ‘Martin Luther’. 1. Ohio State University – Initiating Structure and Consideration Behavior Leadership Style Research at this institution identified two styles of leadership that were applicable in the day-to-day running of organizations. First, they argued that one style of leadership would be consideration. This meant that this type of leader showed interest in the team memb ers and regarded them with utter respect. To this type of leader looking out for the well being of the team members was the overall quest. In addition, this leader shows gratitude and supports the junior staff to ensure that the group meets target. On the other hand, they adopted the initiating structure kind of leadership whose focus was on the performance of the tasks by clearly defining his roles and those of the followers. For this leader, the attainment of the set goal becomes the primary factor to which he establishes the channels of communication towards results attainment. In comparison, the consideration leader is friendly and approachable, but the task-oriented kind of leader only interacts with the followers when he/she is delegating the duties and tasks. In essence, Martin Luther was consideration kind of leader to the team as he treated all the members of the team with high regard. This enabled the team to feel appreciated and valued and that all their efforts were comm endable. Martin was accessible to the team members in case we needed any form of work related assistance, as he was willing to help at any time. Another positive attribute that he had was that he showed the willingness to adapt to any form of change, which also made the team’s transition process to changes relatively easy (Collins, 2001). In addition, he treated all the team members equally by looking out for our interests without favoritism or bias. Usually, he would consult with the team members before executing any task so that he could make sure that everyone was comfortable with the implementation plan. Remarkably, he was keen on explaining the actions that he took or intended to take which made the team feel like family. His style of leadership according to the Ohio State University model proved effective, as our department was the best in performance and output. 2. Expectancy Theory of Motivation This theory states that individuals will decide on certain behavior becau se of the motivation given towards the selection of a certain behavior ‘due to the possible outcome expected. These individuals choose this one behavior out of a number of behaviors. Essentially, this theory encourages organizations to reward performance by ensuring that the team members de3serve and appreciate the rewards. This theory depicts the behavioral process in which individuals decide on one behavioral option over the others. It gives the explanation as to why they make these choices to attain the product. The

Interview of Michaelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci Essay

Interview of Michaelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci - Essay Example The following interview functions as an effort of gaining a greater perspective on these thoughts and perspectives. Leonardo: After my birth my father took primary custody over me. Still, I remained in contact with my mother. Both of my parents continued to have children after they separated and I ended up with the unique situation of having a total of 17 half sisters and brothers. During my youth growing up with my father I think greatly contributed to my later development. He always had scholarly texts around that I was able to read. You’ll remember that during this period the Internet wasn’t readily available so having access to this information was quite a privilege. Additionally, there were many members of my family that were painters, so I sort of fell into painting from that point (‘MOS’). Michelangelo: After I was born my mother became sick. I was immediately given to a wet nurse from a family of stonecutters. I know it sounds crazy, but I always felt that early influence contributed to my later intellectual disposition. Unfortunately my mother would die when I was very young. Indeed, I sort of had a depressing childhood and became very introspective, focusing on art. I soon developed a skill in this avenue and my father sent me to Francesco Galeota from Urbino, a masterful instructor (‘Michelangelo’). Leonardo: Well, I was always very confident about my work, but I guess the first time I received really great social recognition for my work was with even with one of my own paintings, but my instructor Andrea del Verrochio. Instructor Verrochio allowed me to paint an angel in his work Baptism of Christ. This work would later come to be recognized as a seminal painting (‘MOS’). Michelangelo: For me it was when I was sixteen years old. At this age I produced the Madonna of the Stairs. This work featured Mary, the mother of God, sitting on a

A Semiotic Analysis of a Newspaper Story Essay Example for Free

A Semiotic Analysis of a Newspaper Story Essay A logical place to start may be to ask ‘what is news?’ Professor Jonathan Bignell suggests that ‘news is not just facts, but representations produced in language and other signs like photographs.’ The newspaper is just one medium of news communication; other media include television, radio, magazines, and the Internet. We will concentrate on a particular news item as covered in three different British daily newspapers, namely The Sun, The Telegraph, and The Times. The story which is being covered is that of the death of a female police officer who was stabbed by a man whilst she was on duty. The medium of the newspaper is particularly interesting as signifiers are presented simultaneously thus offering a concrete display of signs which the reader can consume at their own pace and can also be re-read, as opposed to television or radio news which can only be watched or listened to at particular times. The process of selection is central to the production of all newspapers. This involves selecting events which are considered to be worthy of being printed as news, and excluding news which is considered to be irrelevant, insignificant or unworthy of news coverage. Thus news is a social construct dependent on what is deemed to be important by those who work in the ‘news industry’ based on certain codes of behaviour which have been learned by news workers in order to do their job. The codes of behaviour which have been learnt by news workers undoubtedly depend on the particular newspaper for which they are working. It could be suggested that in British society most adults would be aware of the conventions of different newspapers. We will attempt to examine the types of sign systems within which a particular news story is encoded in a selection of newspapers, and how these different sign systems may affect meaning. It is clear when looking at The Sun, The Telegraph, and The Times articles, which were all published on Saturday, April 18th, 1998 that each newspaper attaches significance to different news items. This is made clear by looking at the front pages of each newspaper, with The Suns main front page story concentrating on the relationship of Patsy Kensit and Liam Gallagher, compared to The Telegraphs main story which concentrates on a ‘shake-up’ of scientific committees that advise government ministers on food safety; and The Times main front page story which covers the story of the new National Lottery Big Ticket show which is facing the BBC ‘axe’. Although we will not be concentrating on the comparison of the front pages of the newspapers in this term paper, these examples demonstrate how drastically the different newspapers differ in what constitutes front-page news. The examples also demonstrate the interpretation of newspaper conventions, as we analyse the stories which are considered to be the intended main news of the front-page. As can be seen with the front page of The Sun the main story is clear as it dominates most of the available space on the front-page. However, with the other newspapers the distinction is not quite as clear. The main criteria when deciding on which was the main story of the front-pages of The Telegraph and The Times was the size of the typeface of the headline. This emphasises that the reader comes to the newspaper with a set of codes with which to decode the text, and these codes may differ from individual to individual. This leads to the point that the text is open to a variety of interpretations depending on the ideological standpoint of the reader, and whether the reader is familiar with the newspaper and the codes which. it employs to communicate the ‘news’ which it has selected. Connotations of the linguistic and visual signs which are presented by newspapers are central to the meaning of the news item to the reader. The connotations of the news item are perceived within a coded framework and there are recognisable codes within different newspapers. It is clear that different newspapers use particular narrative codes when representing the same item of news. This can be seen in the three headlines which refer to the particular news item which I have chosen to examine. The Sun headline states ‘SCANDAL OF PSYCHO FREED TO KILL HERO COP NINN, The Telegraph ‘WPc was knifed to death after removing armour’, and The Times ‘WPc paid with her life for dedication to duty.’ Each of these narrative codes used in the headlines instantly provide a framework on which to build the meaning of the news item. The headlines are linguistic syntagms which aim to attract the attention of the reader to the topic of the news story, and the linguistic signs which are employed in the headline suggest to the reader the appropriate codes which are needed to understand or decode the news item. It is clear that the newspapers use different linguistic codes as a means of representing the news item. The Times and The Telegraph are similar in their use of language. However, both differ dramatically with The Sun. It is clear that The Sun uses orally based vocabulary, and dramatic and sensational language. This can be seen in the first sentence of the news item, which reads ‘A. violent cop-hating nut killed brave WPC Nina Mackay after a catastrophic catalogue of blunders by Crown prosecutors and police allowed him to roam free.’ The article also employs alliteration for emphasis , as in ‘catastrophic catalogue’ and ‘scandal of psycho’. The linguistic codes of the news item certainly connote speech which in turn connotes familiarity, informality, and camaraderie. The article also implies familiarity with the victim (We Nina Mackay) who is referred to throughout as ‘Nina’ where as a distance is created between the reader and the offender who is referred to throughout by his surname, Elgizouli. This code of familiarity is significantly different to that which is employed by The Telegraph and The Times who refer to the victim either in her professional capacity (WPc Nina Mackay) or by her full name. However, it is perhaps significant that the offender is referred to by his surname in all of the different representations of the news items. This strategy of distancing the reader from the criminal is blatantly employed by all three of the newspapers, clearly suggesting that the preferred reading of the texts should involve no sympathy with the offender. Another drastic difference between the newspaper representations of the news item are the typographic devices used to break up the text. Again, The Sun differs dramatically to The Telegraph and The Times using bold text to start the article, serving to extend the role of the headline in attracting the attention of the reader to the topic of the news story. The use of bold and one word sub-headings which are employed throughout the text serve to direct the reader in making meaning of the text and make blatantly obvious the points which the newspaper deem to be of particular significance to the understanding of the news item. The Telegraph and The Times do not employ the same typographic codes as The Sun, apart from bold type which is used for the headline, and the bold type used to name the journalist/s of the article. The narrative of the news story uses the same type and size of font throughout the item. Arguably, this connotes authority and formality to the reader which is also demonstrated by the fairly long sentences, the correct spellings and the lack of colloquial language such as ‘cop’ which is used in The Sun. This perhaps implies that the ‘quality’ press such as The Times and The Telegraph provide better news than tabloids such as The Sun. However, this kind of value judgement is inappropriate as both types of newspaper are constructions of the news with the ‘quality’ newspapers aiming to connote authority and formality and the ‘popular’ tabloids aiming to connote an attitude of ‘telling it how it is.’ Thus both types of representation of the news items present mythic meanings. Linguistic and typographic codes are not the only codes employed in news discourse. Graphic codes must also be considered. The photographs used in the press have also undergone a process of selection. One image will be chosen over another as it connotes a message that the selectors of the photograph want to communicate. Barthes (cited in Bagnell, 1977:98) suggests that the newspaper photograph is ‘an object that has been worked on, chosen, composed, constructed, treated according to professional, aesthetic or ideological norms which are so many factors of connotation.’ The ‘treatment’ of photographs which is referred to by Barthes can be seen in the different newspapers which I have chosen. Interestingly, each version of the news item has used the same photographs, but treated them differently according to the required connotation. Each representation uses the same picture of the victim in her police uniform looking directly at the camera, and the same pictu re of the offender looking vacant and away from the camera. Again, The Times and The Telegraph use similar codes, and The Sun employs a drastically different strategy despite using the same original photographs. The most drastic difference is that The Sun presents the photographs in colour, connoting realism and the dangerousness of the offender. This is also connoted by the size of the photographs, with the graphic representation dominating a large proportion of the overall available space on the page, which is another drastic difference between The Suns representation of the news item and the other two newspapers. Despite these major differences it is significant that the newspapers have all used the same photographs, and it is interesting to look at why these particular photographs might have been chosen. Paradigmatically, photographs involve connotations, and thus the significance of the particular photographs which have been chosen can be seen more clearly when considering what other paradigmatic connotations might have appeared in their place. For example the connotations of the picture of the police officer would change considerably if she was not in uniform. Likewise, the connotations of the picture would change if the offender was looking directly at the camera and smiling, instead he is pictured looking away from the camera with a blank expression, connoting lack of emotion. The contrasted pairs which seem to be involved in the paradigms are innocence and guilt, justice and injustice. These contrasted pairs are made more clear by the way in which the meanings of the photographs are anchored in a small amount of text beneath the photographs. The Times offers its own contrasted pair in the text beneath the pictures, namely ‘killer’ and ‘killed’. As Bignell (1997:99) suggests, the caption underneath the picture enables the reader to ‘load down the image with particular cultural meanings and the photograph functions as the proof that the texts message is true.’ The pictures are also shown in different contexts in the three newspapers with The Sun using a different strategy to The Telegraph and The Times. The Telegraph and The Times use similar sized pictures of the individuals involved. In The Sun the size of the photographs of the individuals differ considerably with the ‘killer’ being represented as significantly bigger than the ‘killed’. Also, the photograph of the police officer is presented in a photograph-like frame connoting sentimentality, and elevating her position in comparison to the ‘killer’. This emotionalism is carried over into the other picture which The Sun represents which shows the coffin of the police officer being carried by her colleagues. This is a cultural sign which most readers will be able to relate to, and connotes sympathy, tragedy and injustice. This discussion of several newspapers representations of the same news item show how semiotic analysis can determine the meanings of such news items, as a result of the linguistic and visual signs used within the texts. However, semiotic analysis cannot determine how an individual reader might interpret the representations of the news items in a real social context. Semiotic analysis does offer an insight into the factors at work in the production of a news item and distinguishes the various codes which are employed by different types of newspaper when representing a particular news item.

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Over het opeten van twee boterhammen doe je langer dan over à ©Ãƒ ©n. Je huiswerk maak je sneller als je niet tegelijkertijd tv kijkt. Een reclame die je dagelijks ziet, onthoud je beter dan een die je minder vaak ziet. Kijk nu naar 2 kinderen, waarvan de à ©Ãƒ ©n tweetalig opgroeit en de ander à ©Ãƒ ©ntalig. Het tweetalige kind heeft het dubbel zo druk, ook is het taalaanbod verdeeld over twee talen. Betekent dit ook dat meertaligen daardoor langzamer zijn in hun taalverwerving? Wat is het effect op de spraak- en taal ontwikkeling? Welke factoren hebben invloed op taalproblemen bij meertalige kinderen? Op al deze vragen zullen we proberen antwoord te geven in deze deelvraag. Wat is tweetaligheid? Tweetaligheid betekent het kunnen gebruiken van twee verschillende talen in diverse communicatievormen. Het komt niet vaak voor dat beide talen even goed beheerst worden, oftewel een gebalanceerde tweetaligheid. Meestal is er sprake van een dominante taal, deze wordt makkelijker gebruikt dan de tweede taal. Er bestaan twee verschillende soorten tweetaligheid: simultane en successieve tweetaligheid. Simultane tweetaligheid Er is sprake van simultane tweetaligheid als een kind twee (soms drie) talen gelijktijdig aanleert. Vanaf jongs af aan worden de talen aangeboden. Van beide talen moeten de woordstructuur, woordvorming en zinsleer worden verworven. In allebei de talen gaan kinderen door dezelfde taalontwikkeling als kinderen die à ©Ãƒ ©ntalig worden opgevoed. Simultane opvoeding vergt een bepaalde structuur van de ouders. In bepaalde situaties moet een bepaalde taal worden gesproken. Thuis bijvoorbeeld Engels en op school Nederlands. Successieve tweetaligheid Als een kind tot op een latere leeftijd à ©Ãƒ ©ntalig wordt opgevoed en dan pas in aanraking komt met ... ... in het onderwijs voorkomt. Vaak draait het in zulke gevallen om groepen die minderwaardig worden gezien in een samenleving, zoals Marokkanen in Nederland. Dit wordt ook wel subtractieve tweetaligheid genoemd. Dit houdt in dat een kind 2 talen kan spreken en gebruiken maar beide talen zijn van (te) lage kwaliteit. De andere vorm is additieve tweetaligheid, de eerste taal/moedertaal wordt op een voldoende manier gebruikt en daarom kan er een tweede taal aan worden toegevoegd. Op deze manier van het gebruiken van twee talen ontstaan positieve effecten. Doordat meertalige kinderen al vanaf jongs af aan zich veel bezighouden met taal en verschillen in talen, zijn zij zich er snel bewust van wanneer er bepaalde taalverschijnselen voorkomen. Zij kunnen dit verbinden aan verschijnselen die zij in verschillende talen kennen en daardoor leren ze de nieuwe fenomenen snel aan.

Rock Music and Free Time

Without music life would be a mistake! My hobbies are singing and dancing. Regarding the most popular hobbies, people like playing basketball or football, reading, stamp collecting, etc. However, I love to listen to music and also to sing. I have a large and superb collection of tracks and I listen to all kinds of music. My collection ranges from hip hop music to rock and from blues music to rap. My hobby is listening to these songs carefully and then to learn them. I sit with a piece of paper and a pen while I write down the lyrics of the songs that I hear.Then I hum along and soon I know the tunes too. I switch off the Black Berry recorder and then I pretend to be the singer myself. I sing the song exactly it was sung by the playback singer. I sometimes succeed and I sometimes fail. Once I feel that I sing perfectly I tape my own voice. When I listen to the recording I am objective and try to find my faults in singing. This helps me to improve my singing and I feel confident and th rilled. Whenever I go to a party, my friends persuade me to dance. Once I begin, the party livens up, people join in and the place is filled with the sound of music.I feel proud of myself and my friends also praise me because they feel that I become the life of the party. I listen to music and I sing every day when I go to school or when I have a free time in school. My hobby makes me happy and at least brings joy to my sister and friends. In my opinion, it is necessary that everybody have a hobby. It educates people; they give their pleasure, and help them to use his free time fruitfully. If a person has no hobby, he will turn him free time into something useful? From my point of view, if I were you I would listen to music every day.